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How much copper is there left to go?

Copper is a widely used metal, known for its excellent electrical and thermal conductivity, malleability, and ductility. The manufacturing process of copper involves several stages, including mining, extraction, concentration, purification, and fabrication. Mining. The first step in the manufacturing process of copper is mining. Copper ore is typically mined from open-pit or underground mines. The ore undergoes drilling, blasting, and crushing to produce copper concentrates, which are the raw materials used for copper extraction. Extraction. After mining, copper concentrates undergo a process called smelting, which involves the use of high temperatures to melt the concentrates, separating the copper from other metals and impurities. The resulting molten copper is poured into molds, also known as anodes, where it solidifies into slabs or rods. Concentration. To increase the purity of the copper, the slabs or rods are subjected to a process called electrorefining. This process involves placing the anodes in a tank filled with an electrolyte solution and passing an electric current through them. As the electric current passes through the anodes, the copper atoms are deposited on the cathode, resulting in high-purity copper. Purification. The electrorefined copper undergoes another purification process called fire refining, which involves melting the high-purity copper in a furnace and adding specific chemicals to remove any remaining impurities. The resulting copper is again cast into slabs or rods and cooled. Fabrication. Finally, the copper is fabricated into various products such as wires, pipes, sheets, and rods. This involves processes like drawing, extrusion, rolling, and casting. The final products are tested for quality and durability before they are released to the market. In conclusion, the manufacturing process of copper is a complex process that involves several stages of mining, extraction, concentration, purification, and fabrication. Copper is a valuable metal that has a wide range of industrial and commercial applications, making it an essential component in various industries around the world copper refinery copper recovery

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